C1 · MODALS
Advanced Speculation
Modal fiiller kanıta dayalı çıkarımın gücünü ince ince ayarlar.
| Modal | Kesinlik |
|---|---|
| must | yüksek eminlik (mantıken öyle) |
| may / might / could | orta olasılık |
| can't / couldn't | mantıken imkânsız |
- Şimdi/genel: She must be exhausted.
- Geçmiş: modal + have + p.p. → He must have missed the train.
- Süregelen: modal + be + -ing → They might be waiting outside.
can't have = geçmişte imkânsızlık. Olumsuz çıkarım için en güvenli seçim can't’tir: İngiliz İngilizcesinde mustn't genelde yasak bildirir (Amerikan İngilizcesinde He must not be home gibi çıkarımlar da duyulur).
Örnekler
-
The lights are off; they must have gone to bed.
Işıklar kapalı; yatmış olmalılar.
must have + p.p. (geçmiş çıkarım) -
She can't have finished already; it's too soon.
Bitirmiş olamaz; daha çok erken.
can't have + p.p. (imkânsızlık) -
He might be working late again tonight.
Bu gece yine geç saate kadar çalışıyor olabilir.
might be + -ing (süregelen olasılık)
Mini alıştırma
Mikro döngü · 6 soru · Boşluk doldur
-
The ground is completely dry, so it (boşluk) last night.
- can't have rained
- must have rained
- should have rained
- might rain
-
Don't call them now; they (boşluk) dinner at the moment.
- might have
- might be having
- might have had
- might had
-
He knows the city extremely well, so he (boşluk) lost on the way; something else must have delayed him.
- must have got
- can't have got
- might have got
- should get
-
The package still hasn't arrived; it (boşluk) to the wrong address, but I'm not sure.
- must have been sent
- can't have been sent
- might be sent
- might have been sent
-
You (boşluk) exhausted after driving all night; let me make you some coffee.
- must be
- can't be
- must have
- mustn't be
-
The glass is broken and the cat is hiding under the sofa; it (boşluk) the glass off the table.
- must knock
- can't have knocked
- must have knocked
- must be knocking
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